Vibration Challenges in Buildings: Evaluation, Testing, and Solutions
By AnnMarie Rowland Hirsh, INCE Bd. Cert.
Structural vibration and vibration-induced noise are common challenges in modern building design and construction. These vibrations can come from everyday building systems—such as HVAC units, pumps, and other rotating machinery. They can also come from outdoor sources like nearby trains or heavy vehicles. But often, structural vibrations come from occupants themselves, in the form of footsteps and movement. While often unnoticed, they can manifest as subtle hums, stronger resonances, or even minor movements that impact how a building feels and functions.
The effects of unwanted vibration can range from mild occupant discomfort to major operational disruptions. They are especially noticeable in environments like laboratories or hospitals that rely on vibration-sensitive equipment. Addressing this issue requires both an understanding of how building systems operate and how vibration travels through structures.
Evaluating and Controlling Vibration
To evaluate and control vibration, our consultants rely on established industry standards and best practices. Organizations such as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) offer detailed guidance for isolating vibration from mechanical systems — recommending the use of isolators like springs, neoprene pads, and inertia bases. Even the stiffness of a building’s roof structure can play a role.
To evaluate and control vibration, our consultants rely on established industry standards and best practices. Organizations such as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) offer detailed guidance for isolating vibration from mechanical systems — recommending the use of isolators like springs, neoprene pads, and inertia bases. Even the stiffness of a building’s roof structure can play a role.
Troubleshooting Equipment Vibration: Case Studies
Our team has worked on numerous projects where mechanical equipment vibration was creating issues for building occupants. In one recent project, a newly constructed laboratory reported excessive vibration that was interfering with the calibration of high-magnification microscopes. Vibration measurements were collected in the laboratory and on a variety of mechanical equipment.
Our investigation revealed that the ceiling-mounted hot water pumps were vibrating at frequencies that matched those affecting the lab. By analyzing vibration data and referencing ASHRAE guidance, we recommended isolation improvements for the pumps and piping. We were also able to recommend operational changes to avoid pump speeds that resulted in the most significant vibration levels. The result was reduced vibration and a stable environment for the sensitive microscopes.
In another case, rooftop mechanical equipment was transmitting vibration through the roof into a classroom below. The vibrations created hotspots of noise throughout the room, distracting students and teachers. Our testing identified the problem that the problem was the equipment’s operating frequency. It was exciting the structure and generating low-frequency noise in the room itself. By replacing the equipment, stiffening the equipment support system, and installing proper vibration isolators, the disturbance was successfully eliminated.
Floor Vibration Testing and Design for Critical Spaces
We have also conducted extensive testing on floor structures to support sensitive equipment installations in medical and research settings. Using modal testing and heel drop tests to identify the natural frequency of a floor structure and walking speed tests simulating human activity, we measure how structures respond to everyday use. With the help of the VC curves and manufacturer requirements, we can determine whether vibration levels meet performance criteria or if improvements are needed, such as structural stiffening.
In another project, we assessed vibration in a fitness center located above an office space. The design team was concerned about treadmill and weight-dropping noise and vibrations below. By collecting data through walking and impact tests, we were able to recommend a built-up floating floor system in the fitness center to isolate and minimize vibration transfer and improve comfort for the occupants below.
Another vibration control project involved a university science building located near a railway line, where passing trains introduced groundborne vibration. Using assessment techniques outlined in the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA) Transit Noise & Vibration Assessment Manual, we evaluated the vibration impact and provided structural recommendations to ensure proper equipment operation in the new facility.
Turning Data Into Actionable Solutions
Across all these projects, one thing remains constant: data and client needs drive our solutions. Through measurement, testing, and application of industry standards; we help clients understand their building’s vibration environment and design effective strategies to control it. The purposes of these projects are typically to protect sensitive research equipment, ensure occupant comfort, or improve the performance of mechanical systems. However, the goal is always to create quieter, more reliable, and better-performing spaces for our clients.